We develop a Bayesian semi-parametric model for the estimating the impact of dynamic treatment rules on survival among patients diagnosed with pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The data consist of a subset of patients enrolled in the phase III AAML1031 clinical trial in which patients move through a sequence of four treatment courses. At each course, they undergo treatment that may or may not include anthracyclines (ACT). While ACT is known to be effective at treating AML, it is also cardiotoxic and can lead to early death for some patients. Our task is to estimate the potential survival probability under hypothetical dynamic ACT treatment strategies, but there are several impediments. First, since ACT was not randomized in the trial, its effect on survival is confounded over time. Second, subjects initiate the next course depending on when they recover from the previous course, making timing potentially informative of subsequent treatment and survival. Third, patients may die or drop out before ever completing the full treatment sequence. We develop a generative Bayesian semi-parametric model based on Gamma Process priors to address these complexities. At each treatment course, the model captures subjects' transition to subsequent treatment or death in continuous time under a given rule. A g-computation procedure is used to compute a posterior over potential survival probability that is adjusted for time-varying confounding. Using this approach, we conduct posterior inference for the efficacy of hypothetical treatment rules that dynamically modify ACT based on evolving cardiac function.
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作为行业4.0时代的一项新兴技术,数字双胞胎因其承诺进一步优化流程设计,质量控制,健康监测,决策和政策制定等,通过全面对物理世界进行建模,以进一步优化流程设计,质量控制,健康监测,决策和政策,因此获得了前所未有的关注。互连的数字模型。在一系列两部分的论文中,我们研究了不同建模技术,孪生启用技术以及数字双胞胎常用的不确定性量化和优化方法的基本作用。第二篇论文介绍了数字双胞胎的关键启示技术的文献综述,重点是不确定性量化,优化方法,开源数据集和工具,主要发现,挑战和未来方向。讨论的重点是当前的不确定性量化和优化方法,以及如何在数字双胞胎的不同维度中应用它们。此外,本文介绍了一个案例研究,其中构建和测试了电池数字双胞胎,以说明在这两部分评论中回顾的一些建模和孪生方法。 GITHUB上可以找到用于生成案例研究中所有结果和数字的代码和预处理数据。
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作为行业4.0时代的一项新兴技术,数字双胞胎因其承诺进一步优化流程设计,质量控制,健康监测,决策和政策制定等,通过全面对物理世界进行建模,以进一步优化流程设计,质量控制,健康监测,决策和政策,因此获得了前所未有的关注。互连的数字模型。在一系列两部分的论文中,我们研究了不同建模技术,孪生启用技术以及数字双胞胎常用的不确定性量化和优化方法的基本作用。第一篇论文介绍了目前从事这一研究领域的许多学科的数字双胞胎趋势的详尽文献综述。然后,通过将数据分类为两个主要类别:基于数据流的方向,将数字双胞胎建模和双胞胎启用技术分为两个主要类别:物理到虚拟和虚拟物理。最后,本文在未来十年中提供了有关数字双技术轨迹的观点,并介绍了一些新兴研究领域,这些领域可能在未来的数字双胞胎研究中很可能有很大的用途。在本综述的第二部分中,讨论了不确定性量化和优化的作用,展示了电池数字双胞胎,并共享了数字双胞胎未来的更多观点。
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轴承是容易出乎意料断层的旋转机的重要组成部分之一。因此,轴承诊断和状况监测对于降低众多行业的运营成本和停机时间至关重要。在各种生产条件下,轴承可以在一系列载荷和速度下进行操作,这会导致与每种故障类型相关的不同振动模式。正常数据很足够,因为系统通常在所需条件下工作。另一方面,故障数据很少见,在许多情况下,没有记录故障类别的数据。访问故障数据对于开发数据驱动的故障诊断工具至关重要,该工具可以提高操作的性能和安全性。为此,引入了基于条件生成对抗网络(CGAN)的新型算法。该算法对任何实际故障条件的正常和故障数据进行培训,从目标条件的正常数据中生成故障数据。所提出的方法在现实世界中的数据集上进行了验证,并为不同条件生成故障数据。实施了几种最先进的分类器和可视化模型,以评估合成数据的质量。结果证明了所提出的算法的功效。
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准确的术中诊断对于在脑肿瘤手术期间提供安全有效的护理至关重要。我们的护理标准诊断方法是时间,资源和劳动密集型,限制了获得最佳手术治疗的机会。为了解决这些局限性,我们提出了一种替代工作流程,该工作流程结合了刺激的拉曼组织学(SRH),一种快速的光学成像方法,以及对SRH图像的深层自动解释,用于术中脑肿瘤诊断和实时手术决策支持。在这里,我们介绍了OpenSRH,这是来自300多名脑肿瘤患者和1300多个独特全幻灯片光学图像的第一个公共数据集。 OPENSRH包含来自最常见的脑肿瘤诊断,完整的病理注释,整个幻灯片肿瘤分割,原始和加工的光学成像数据的数据,用于端到端模型的开发和验证。我们为使用弱(即患者级)诊断标签的基于补丁的整个幻灯片分类和推断提供了一个框架。最后,我们基准了两项计算机视觉任务:多类组织学脑肿瘤分类和基于斑块的对比表示学习。我们希望OpenSRH能够促进快速光学成像和基于ML的手术决策支持的临床翻译,以提高精密医学时代的癌症手术的获取,安全性和功效。数据集访问,代码和基准可在opensrh.mlins.org上找到。
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适当给药的辐射对放疗中的患者安全至关重要。目前的质量保证在很大程度上取决于同行评审过程,其中医生对每个患者的治疗计划的同行评审,包括剂量和分馏。但是,这样的过程是手动和费力。由于时间限制和案例,医生可能无法识别错误。我们设计了一种新型的处方异常检测算法,利用历史数据来预测异常情况。这样的工具可以作为电子对等体,他们将协助同行评审过程为患者提供额外的安全性。在我们的主要模型中,我们创建了两个不相似度量,R和F.R定义了新患者的处方来自历史处方的距离。 F表示患者功能集的远距离来自该组的具有相同或类似的处方。如果指标大于特定的优化截止值,则我们标记处方。我们使用胸癌患者(n = 2356)作为一个例子并提取七个特征。在这里,我们报告我们的测试F1评分,不同治疗技术组的75%-94%。我们还通过三个胸专家进行模拟同行评审,独立验证我们的结果。与手动对等审查医生相比,我们的模型具有较低的2次错误率。我们的型号与传统机器学习算法相比具有许多优点,特别是它不会遭受阶级不平衡。它还可以解释为什么它标记每种情况并单独的处方和非处方相关的功能而不从数据学习。
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背景:精确诊断颅底肿瘤对于提供个性化的手术治疗策略至关重要。由于肿瘤多样性和缺乏术中病理资源,术中诊断可能具有挑战性。目的:开发独立且平行的术中病理学工作流程,可以使用无标签的光学成像和人工智能提供快速准确的颅底肿瘤诊断。方法:我们使用了基于光纤激光,无标签,非消费性,高分辨率显微镜方法($ <$ <$ <$ <$ 60秒,每1 $ \ times $ 1 mm $ $^\ text {2} $),称为刺激的拉曼组织学(SRH),以对颅底肿瘤患者的连续多中心队列进行成像。然后,使用三种表示学习策略:跨渗透性,自我监督的对比度学习和监督对比度学习,使用SRH图像来训练卷积神经网络(CNN)模型。我们训练有素的CNN模型在持有的多中心SRH数据集上进行了测试。结果:SRH能够成像良性和恶性颅底肿瘤的诊断特征。在三种表示策略中,有监督的对比度学习最有效地学习了每种颅底肿瘤类型的独特和诊断SRH图像特征。在我们的多中心测试集中,跨渗透性达到了91.5%的总体诊断准确性,自我监督的对比度学习为83.9%,并且有监督的对比度学习为96.6%。我们训练有素的模型能够鉴定出肿瘤正常的边缘,并检测整个SRH图像中微观肿瘤浸润的区域。结论:具有训练有素的人工智能模型的SRH可以对颅底肿瘤标本进行快速准确的术中分析,以告知手术决策。
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Variational inference uses optimization, rather than integration, to approximate the marginal likelihood, and thereby the posterior, in a Bayesian model. Thanks to advances in computational scalability made in the last decade, variational inference is now the preferred choice for many high-dimensional models and large datasets. This tutorial introduces variational inference from the parametric perspective that dominates these recent developments, in contrast to the mean-field perspective commonly found in other introductory texts.
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Knowledge graphs (KG) have served as the key component of various natural language processing applications. Commonsense knowledge graphs (CKG) are a special type of KG, where entities and relations are composed of free-form text. However, previous works in KG completion and CKG completion suffer from long-tail relations and newly-added relations which do not have many know triples for training. In light of this, few-shot KG completion (FKGC), which requires the strengths of graph representation learning and few-shot learning, has been proposed to challenge the problem of limited annotated data. In this paper, we comprehensively survey previous attempts on such tasks in the form of a series of methods and applications. Specifically, we first introduce FKGC challenges, commonly used KGs, and CKGs. Then we systematically categorize and summarize existing works in terms of the type of KGs and the methods. Finally, we present applications of FKGC models on prediction tasks in different areas and share our thoughts on future research directions of FKGC.
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Few Shot Instance Segmentation (FSIS) requires models to detect and segment novel classes with limited several support examples. In this work, we explore a simple yet unified solution for FSIS as well as its incremental variants, and introduce a new framework named Reference Twice (RefT) to fully explore the relationship between support/query features based on a Transformer-like framework. Our key insights are two folds: Firstly, with the aid of support masks, we can generate dynamic class centers more appropriately to re-weight query features. Secondly, we find that support object queries have already encoded key factors after base training. In this way, the query features can be enhanced twice from two aspects, i.e., feature-level and instance-level. In particular, we firstly design a mask-based dynamic weighting module to enhance support features and then propose to link object queries for better calibration via cross-attention. After the above steps, the novel classes can be improved significantly over our strong baseline. Additionally, our new framework can be easily extended to incremental FSIS with minor modification. When benchmarking results on the COCO dataset for FSIS, gFSIS, and iFSIS settings, our method achieves a competitive performance compared to existing approaches across different shots, e.g., we boost nAP by noticeable +8.2/+9.4 over the current state-of-the-art FSIS method for 10/30-shot. We further demonstrate the superiority of our approach on Few Shot Object Detection. Code and model will be available.
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